Cross-border commercial due diligence in Europe

If you are going to invest in a company with international expansion plans, you want to make sure that their product or service has good chances of being successful in the countries where you have ambitions.

This of course is also important for Europe. Only with the right knowledge about demand, competition and regulations it is wise to invest in market entry.
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Business opportunities in Europe

Europe is one of the largest and most diverse markets globally, comprising over 40 countries with varying economic conditions, consumer preferences, and regulatory frameworks. As the European Union (EU) forms the core of this market, it offers significant opportunities for businesses, but success requires careful planning and adaptation.

Key Market Numbers

Europe’s economic size and diversity make it a critical market for international businesses. Key statistics include:

  • Population: Approximately 750 million, with 447 million in the European Union (EU) (2023).
  • GDP per capita: Varies widely; Western Europe averages around $45,000 USD, while Eastern Europe may be significantly lower.
  • Urbanization: About 75% of Europeans live in urban areas, with cities like Berlin, Paris, Madrid, and Warsaw acting as key economic hubs.
  • Economic Structure: Services dominate, contributing 70–80% of GDP in most countries, followed by manufacturing and agriculture.
  • Ageing Population: Many European countries face ageing populations, particularly in Germany, Italy, and Spain, creating opportunities in healthcare, financial planning, and products for seniors.

Language and Documentation

Europe’s linguistic diversity and regulatory environment require careful consideration when entering the market.

  • Official Languages: Europe has over 200 languages, with key ones including English, French, German, Spanish, and Italian. English often serves as a lingua franca in business contexts.
  • Language Considerations: Localization is critical for success. Consumers expect product packaging, marketing, and customer service to be in their native language, particularly in non-English-speaking countries.
  • Packaging and Documentation: The EU has strict regulations regarding product labeling, safety, and environmental standards. Packaging often requires details like ingredients, origin, and recycling instructions in multiple languages.

Consumer and B2B Buying Behavior

Buying behavior in Europe varies significantly by country and region, influenced by cultural, economic, and technological factors.

  • Consumer Behavior: Western European consumers value quality, sustainability, and brand reputation. Online shopping accounts for about 15–20% of retail sales across Europe (2023), with significant variation by country. Northern Europe leads in digital adoption, while Southern and Eastern Europe are growing quickly.
  • B2B Buying Behavior: Relationship-building is crucial in Southern Europe (e.g., Spain and Italy), while Northern Europe (e.g., Germany and the Netherlands) prioritizes efficiency and ROI. Decision-making structures also differ, with some markets emphasizing consensus and others relying on hierarchical approval.
  • Online Presence: A localized digital presence is essential, including websites in local languages and activity on regionally popular platforms like Zalando, Cdiscount, or Allegro in addition to global platforms like Amazon.

Market Challenges and Opportunities

Europe’s diverse markets offer opportunities but also challenges due to regulatory complexity and cultural differences.

  • Products/Services that May Struggle: Products that fail to meet stringent EU safety, environmental, or quality standards may face barriers. Similarly, services requiring centralized operations may struggle due to language and cultural fragmentation.
  • Test Market Potential: The Netherlands and Denmark are often seen as ideal test markets due to their tech-savvy populations, open economies, and small but diverse demographics. Success in these countries can serve as a blueprint for broader European expansion.
  • Regulatory Environment: Compliance with EU standards is mandatory for most goods and services, but businesses must also navigate country-specific laws. Non-EU countries like the UK, Norway, and Switzerland have distinct rules that differ from the EU framework.

Use our network for your due diligence

With local people in over 30 countries around the world, we can quickly do a regulatory, market and competition assessment in multiple markets at the same time. Connect with Alfred Griffioen to see what we can do and receive a quotation.

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    Research topics for new markets

    Where it comes to assessing the viability of a product or service in a new market, we always look at the following aspects:

    1. Regulatory compliance

    Can the product be imported and sold in the country, what are import duties and are there any restrictions on service delivery? What are the investments to comply to all regulations? 

    2. Market needs

    Is there a genuine demand for this product or service in the market and which aspects are decisive for the customers? What are common channels for marketing and sales?

    3. Competition

    How fierce is the competition and is there a clear market leader? Is there room for a new entrant and what happened to other companies trying to penetrate the market?

    4. Investments

    What steps are needed to enter the market and what are the related costs. How quickly can you expect revenue and what is a reasonable pay-back time?

    We make these assessment with local people in over 30 countries around the world, who report in a similar way. This way you get a good comparison and you can total up the investments needed for global growth.

    Comparing performance in existing markets

    If the company the we are assessing already has sales in different countries, we can determine distributor performance or sales staff performance. 

    We do this by correcting the actual turnover with data about:

    • the buying power in the market;
    • the geographical reach of the distributor or sales team;
    • the competition intensity;
    • the number of years active in the market.

    Combining the data of the various countries over time leads to a growth curve where overperformers and underperformers can be easily identified.

    We can then do selective interviews what causes any underperformance, and you can take corrective measures.

    A curve like this also helps to estimate the potential in a new market. 

    Turnover growth curve
    Share of wallet data comparison

    Before you focus only on Europe

    Please note that there are many countries in the world and the biggest ones or the ones nearby are not automatically the best choice. It all depends of the market growth, the competition and the barriers for entry. 

    Therefore I would advise you to make a short-list of at least three, but preferably five potential new markets and compare them against the same criteria.

    Frequently asked questions

    As in any country, also in Europe it is important to build your judgement on knowledge of the local situation. Given the population size, buying power, competition and local preferences, what is the real potential of the market?
    First look what elements make the market in Europe special. Then you can prioritize your time and look at regulations, competition, market growth and investments needed to grow your market share.